Effective Management Of Project Risk Management - 1435 Words

Good Risk Management – Good governance This article describes the effective management of project risks in an educational institution. In this article I’ll be talking about the information that are useful to the board members as well as the team with their risk management efforts. â€Å"In the future we will look at risks affecting the whole of an organization and its place in the community. We will address both upside and downside consequences, and our view will be enterprise-wide, integrated and holistic. The result will be a more intelligent balance between potential benefits and harms. We will increase the confidence of stakeholders in our organizations and make them more resilient in a day and age of increased uncertainty. This is the†¦show more content†¦Always the board members should think of an effective risk management plan. This plan prepares the institution to storms that are unexpected and set the course on track. If you are elected as the new board member for an institution, you, no doubt will immediately feel the burden for better institutional oversight. The first thing, you will ever hear when things go wrong is, the board should have known! Even if the wrong doing falls far apart from the scope, fingers will be pointed by media, parents and even the students. This indicates that, every board member must and should have thorough understanding of risks and up-to-date knowledge of the mitigation plan. College and universities have their own resilience and historic place in the society. Times have changed now. The rapid change of technology, innovation, the insatiable appetite for the information place a tremendous pressure on board members to get each and every small thing right. This brings no choice for the board members to set the tone of risk management in their institution. It is very unlikely that a single catastrophic event might lead to the closure of the university, the margin of error would be lower in terms of financial matters and students having more alternatives to pursue their studies. Neglecting or being reactive can weaken and undermine the university, diminish the reputation and an embarrassment in front of the community. The institution will be more effective if

Racism in Emergency Response Systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2370 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? Introduction It seems that police officers are always in the spotlight in the debate about racism in our first response organizations. For many, police brutality is a well known fact. For some, its a myth — that first responders always have their constituents best interest at heart. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Emergency Response Systems" essay for you Create order Whats important is to determine the facts; is there some statistical data that can shed light on and ultimately end the debate about whether racism exists in our emergency response systems? Are firefighters and paramedics also participating in the same kind of systematic racism that police officers are accused of? Despite varying opinions, there is statistical data that supports the fact that racism is alive and well in our emergency response systems in the United States. Besides statistical analysis that can be done to determine these realities, one can also learn from the outcomes of natural disasters in poverty stricken areas that affect majority people of color populations. This paper will explain the ways that racism in emergency response systems can be quantified, and will include examples of the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, Hurricanes Katrina and Maria, The Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Chicago Police and Fire Departments. Flint, Michigan Water Crisis One sobering example of racism in emergency response systems is disaster relief and ineffective city planning. The United States â€Å"has an abysmal record when it comes to protecting people of color from environmental hazards stemming from dangerous industrial activity and harmful infrastructure† (Maxwell, Center for American Progress). We see this time and time again — it seems as though the areas that suffer the most from natural and industrial disasters are those inhabited primarily by people of color, and the data suggests that this is not a coincidence. Most people in the United States are aware of the water crisis in Flint, Michigan but easily forget about the sheer amount of people that are affected on a daily basis. Flint was once the thriving home of the nations largest General Motors plant. The city took a massive hit when General Motors began downsizing, since a large part of Flint’s residents were in some way employed by, and reliant on, the General Motors plant. Flint’s economic problems were so severe that â€Å"the state of Michigan took over Flints finances after an audit projected a $25 million deficit† (CNN). In 2014, officials decided to divert â€Å"city water in an effort to save money but neglected to treat the water to prevent corrosion as it traveled through lead service lines† (Maxwell, Center for American Progress) this ultimately left more than 100,000 people in Flint exposed to toxic levels of lead in their water, making it essentially undrinkable. For months, â€Å"the state ignored the predominately black residents’ concerns and reassured them† that their drinking water was safe, despite â€Å"state employees receiving ‘coolers of purified water’† for their own consumption. Four years after the fact, many residents of Flint, Michigan have resorted to using bottled water for â€Å"drinking, bathing, and even flushing their toilets† with little effor t from local or federal government to rectify the damage. While the water in Flint, Michigan is reportedly safe to drink, the trust between constituents and their government has corroded. Furthermore, the water crisis in Flint, Michigan serves as an extraordinary example of the ways in which people of color are essentially ignored in times of crisis; many people wonder if the situation in Flint would have carried on for so long without remedy if the population there were affluent white people (for clarity’s sake, the population of Flint, Michigan is an estimated 57 percent black, 37 percent white) — a lot of people would argue that no, Flint’s water crisis would have definitely been fixed under those circumstances. Others are resistant to this idea, as they refuse to come to terms with the United States’ deeply ingrained racism. Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina is one of the most memorable and destructive events in recent United States History. Katrina was an incredibly strong hurricane that hit the Gulf Coast of the United States in August of 2005. The hurricane wrecked havoc on many southern states, from central Florida to eastern Texas. The straw that broke the camels back in the case of Hurricane Katrina was the faulty engineering in the flood protection system — this is what lead to the images America remembers of Hurricane Katrina. â€Å"There were over 50 breaches in surge protection levees surrounding the city of New Orleans were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina; 80% of the city became flooded† (The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education) At least 1,836 people died in the hurricane and the subsequent flooding, which made Hurricane Katrina the deadliest hurricane in the United States since 1928 (JBHE). The flooding and ocean water reached anywhere from six to twelve miles from the beach and the damages caused by the hurricane were estimated to be roughly $125 billion. It would be â€Å"five days before significant federal or state help arrived for the tens of thousands of blacks who were marooned in the city. A number of African-American political leaders charged that the response would have been far quicker had the victims been in the predominantly white cities of Palm Beach or Boca Raton† (JBHE). We also cannot forget that just a few short years before Hurricane Katrina, former â€Å"Klan leader and neo-Nazi† David Duke â€Å"carried the white vote in a [Louisiana] election for governor† (JBHE). Racism was still alive and well in Louisiana, and it became â€Å"most apparent when three days after the hurricane, armed police from the predominantly white blue-collar community of Gretna prevented a large group of black pedestrians† stranded in New Orleans from â€Å"crossing a bridge into their city† (JBHE). The Mayor of Gretna, Ronnie C. Harris, said that the city was â€Å"concerned about life and property† and that â€Å"it was quite evident that a criminal element was contained† in the group of people who were seeking asylum in Gretna. The flaws in the engineering of the flood protection system coupled with the inherent racism of the government and even surrounding cities makes evident the lack of sanctity of life when it comes to people of color. Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria is on record as â€Å"the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane† (CNN World). It came ashore Puerto Rico on â€Å"September 20 with sustained winds of 155 mph, knocking out power to the entire island† (CNN World). At its worst, the hurricane caused catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities across the northeastern Caribbean. Total losses from the hurricane are estimated at upwards of $92 billions dollars. As of â€Å"August 2018, 3,057 people were estimated to have been killed by the hurricane with an estimated 2,975 of those deaths in Puerto Rico† (Vick, Kudacki). The aftermath of Hurricane Maria was exasperated by the United States governments slow response to the hurricane. Puerto Rico’s power grid was effectively destroyed by the hurricane which left millions of Puerto Ricans without electricity. Suan Juan Mayor Carmen Yulà ­n Cruz â€Å"relayed Puerto Ricans’ complaints that aid was not reaching them† to President Trump , who replied that â€Å"[Puerto Ricans have] thrown our budget a little out of whack †¦ such poor leadership †¦ they want everything to be done for them† (Vick, Kudacki). There was much debate about the extent to which Hurricane Maria was an American problem. This was particularly problematic of the United States government considering Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are all United States territories; Puerto Ricans are United States citizens with access to free travel throughout mainland U.S. However, even President Donald Trump was ignorant to the fact that he is the Chief of State of these territories, claiming that â€Å"[he] met with the President of the Virgin Islands† (Vick, Kudacki). Further, the aid that was sent to Puerto Rico was very poorly distributed by those providing aid. A hospital boat was sent to Puerto Rico, which had a capacity of 260 hospital beds. Over the 53-day period the hospital boat was docked, only 290 patients were serviced. T his illustrates an incredibly poor use of resources. Once again, we must ask ourselves if the color of Puerto Ricans’ skin played a role in the way the United States handled addressing disaster Hurricane Maria. Since Puerto Ricans speak a different language and look different from most Americans, do we simply forget they are Americans? It seems even the President wasn’t so sure. The Dakota Access Pipeline Another jarring example of the treatment of people of color in the United States is the Dakota Access oil pipeline. President trump â€Å"signed an executive order reviving the Dakota Access oil pipeline, which jeopardizes the water resources of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe† (Maxwell). The events that occurred during the period of attempted protection of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and its water source were reported on relentlessly, and the brutality by the hands of the government and armed personnel was ruthless. The country watched in horror as peaceful protesters were brutalized; many people were near fatally injured. The governments position on the matter of the Dakota Access pipeline was clear: they didn’t care about anything but money. In freezing temperatures, protests and indigenous peoples alike were sprayed with ice-cold water. It was very clear that those exercising their first amendment right to protest were not welcome at the construction grounds of the pipeline, and that the powers that be would stop at almost nothing to regain the land. President Trump’s blatant indifference to months of protests reemphasizes the administration’s position that Big Oil profits take precedence over the health of native people† (Maxwell). Furthermore, the incident at Standing Rock is just one of many of its kind. Standing Rock illustrates a failure to respond to problems that specifically face people of color. The Chicago Police and Fire Departments Despite having the same rights on paper, people of color in the United States have long been treated like second class citizens. In the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement (and the ensuing Blue Lives Matter movement) Chicago’s Mayor Rahm Emanuel appointed a task force whose job was to determine if police brutality against people of color is a reality. Unsurprisingly, that task force gave â€Å"validity to the widely held belief the police have no regard for the sanctity of life when it comes to people of color,† the task force wrote. â€Å"Stopped without justification, verbally and physically abused, and in some instances arrested, and then detained without counsel — that is what we heard about over and over again† (Davey Smith, The New York Times). The task force also found that â€Å"three out of every four people on whom Chicago police officers tried to use Taser guns between 2012 and 2015 were black. And black drivers made up 46 percent of polic e traffic stops in 2013† (Davey Smith). The black population in Chicago being only around 32 percent makes the number of police traffic stops disproportionately large for the black community. Despite the accessibility of this information, and despite the multiple studies done that prove that racism exists within our emergency response systems, many people choose to believe otherwise. This is the birthplace of the Blue Lives Matter movement, which, intentionally or unintentionally, completely dismisses and diminishes what the Black Lives Matter movement stands for. â€Å"Racism has contributed to a long pattern of institutional failures by the Chicago Police Department in which officers have mistreated people, operated without sufficient oversight, and lost the trust of residents† the task force found (Davey Smith). My own experiences with the fire department have given me a small but poignant insight into the culture of emergency response systems in Chicago. My father and my brother are both employed by the Chicago Fire Department, the former is a Lieutenant and the latter is a Paramedic. I’ve essentially grown up in a firehouse; I was dropped off at the firehouse after school when I was little if no one was home to watch me, and I’ve even spent the night over at the firehouse on a few different occasions (I’m not sure if this is allowed or not). I always knew the firehouse was a crude environment, but the boys (emphasis on boys) tried their hardest to maintain a certain level of decorum around me. However, I’ve overheard many things that shine light on the engrained and systematic racism that exists in firehouses (and, one can then assume, police departments as well and as has been statistically proven by the City of Chicago Task Force aforementioned). My father wo rked at Engine 76 for ten years, a firehouse stationed roughly at North Ave and Pulaski, essentially in the heart of West Humboldt Park. Humboldt Park is a historically Puerto Rican neighborhood. When a call comes over the radio at the firehouse, summoning the firefighters or paramedics, and sounds something like â€Å"insert something† the firemen, as if rehearsed, all say ‘Puerto Rican hysteria.’ And make jokes about how they should take their time getting suited up and in the truck. Whether they do move more slowly for a so-called ‘Puerto Rican hysteria’ call is something I cannot say (and perhaps the subject matter of a future paper). Just the other day, my dad was telling me a story about someone who said that ‘gypsies are his least favorite people to deal with.’ The point of these personal anecdotes is not to say that I think the people my father or my brother work with are terrible racists. The point is to say that I think the cul ture of the fire and police departments fosters a fraternity-like setting where racist ideas run rampant. Conclusion After taking a hard look at the state of emergency response systems in place in the United States and their reasonable in-deniability, one must wonder if people of color even have a voice in the so-called American democracy? Have our systems that are designed to serve and protect their constituents dehumanized people of color to such an extent that their lives carry no significance anymore? While many would consider this critical analysis of the systems in place anti-government or anti-police, it is clear that the only way to bring about real and lasting change is to take off our rose-colored lens and see at long last the true state of this country.

Make Mind Maps that Stick with Labels

Adhesive address or shipping labels come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which makes them ideal for a variety of activities in the classroom.   One way to use labels to encourage critical thinking in the classroom is to have students use labels printed with ideas or topics from a unit of study in order to create mind-maps or diagrams that visually organize information on a topic. The mind-map is an interdisciplinary strategy where a student or group of students build(s) off a single concept or idea: a drama, an element in chemistry, a biography, a vocabulary word, a event in history, a commercial product. The concept or idea is placed in the center of a blank sheet of paper and   representations of other ideas are connected to that central concept are added, branching out in all directions on the page. Teachers can use mind-maps as a review exercise, a formative assessment, or interim assessment tool, by providing students individually or in groups with printed labels and asking students to organize the information in a way that shows relationships. Along with the topics or ideas provided on the labels, teachers can provide a few blanks and ask students to come up their own labels associated with the central idea to add to the mind map. Teachers can vary the exercise according to the the size of the paper that allow a few students (poster size) or a large group of students (wall size) to work collaboratively on the mind-map. In preparing the labels, teachers select words, phrases or symbols from a unit of study that are critical to developing student understanding.    Some interdisciplinary examples: Concepts or ideas on labels for Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet (English Language Arts): Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio, Paris, Nurse, Friar Lawrence, a letter, a ring, Apothecary, Rosaline, â€Å"my only love sprung from my only hate†, â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity.†Concepts or ideas on labels for a biography on Robert E. Lee (Social Studies): Washington College, West Point Military Academy,Mary Custis, Mexican War, Confederacy, President Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Traveller, Harper’s Ferry, Appomattox, the Army of Northern Virginia, Battle of Gettysburg.Concepts or ideas on labels for labels for iron (Chemistry): metal, atomic number, Earths outer and inner core, oxidation states, transitional metal, boiling point, melting point, isotopes, chemical compound(s), industry. Labels can be created in word processing software such as Word, Pages, and Google Docs and printed on products from manufacturers such as Avery or office supply stores. There are hundreds of templates for different sized labels ranging from full sheets 8.5† X 11†, large shipping labels 4.25 x 2.75, medium size labels 2.83 x 2.2, and small address labels 1.5 x 1. For those teachers who cannot afford the labels, there are templates that allow them to create their own without adhesive by using label templates made available by World Label, Co. Another alternative is to use the table feature in a word processing program. Why use labels? Why not have the students simply copy the ideas or concepts from a list onto the blank page? In this strategy providing pre-printed labels assures that all students will have the labels as common elements on each mind-map. There is value in having students compare and contrast the completed mind maps. A gallery walk that allows students to share the final product clearly illustrates the choices each student or groups of students made in organizing their identical labels. For teachers and students alike, this label strategy in creating mind-maps  visually demonstrates the multiple different points of view and learning styles in any class.

A Study On The Land Of Israel - 1079 Words

Mrs. Remi Awolowo Introduction Life Research focuses on addressing an issue or asking and answering a question or solving a problem using systemic inquisitive approach (Hopkins, 2002). This research paper would explore the life, times, and actions of Deborah to demonstrate her significance in the land of Israel in about 1300 B.C. Deborah led Israel as a prophetess and judge. During her time God allowed Israelites to be oppressed so that the people could turn back to Him. It was during this time that Deborah emerged as a charismatic leader that led Israelites spiritually and politically. (Poorman Richards, 2003). Body Times During her time, the king of Hazor was very powerful and he oppressed the tribes of Northern Israel. Joshua in his ability destroyed Hazor but the Canaanites rebuilt the city and they became powerful. Also, the military leader during her time was Sisera among the people of Hazor and he was feared by the Israelites. Ironically, Israel was not as formidable as the people of Hazor but Deborah decided to encourage Israelites to go to war. As a result of her position, Israelites agreed and gathered 10,000 men to confront Canaanites. In Judges 5:4, God gave Israel the needed support to defeat their enemies, Hazor was destroyed and bible records that Northern Israel had peace for forty years (Poorman Richards, 2003). Deborah was also noted as the person judging Israel. She was active and commanding throughout the land. She gave the interpretation ofShow MoreRelatedThe Bible And The Wiersbe Bible Commentary Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesreading of the NIV Study Bible and the Wiersbe Bible Commentary. I will write my response to the reading from Deuteronomy in the NIV Study Bible and Wiersbe Bible Commentary. Obedience God stresses the importance of obedience all through Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy starts with Moses retelling of how Israel delivered from oppression by God. 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Hopes and Dreams Free Essays

Humans are born with the ability to dream and hope for something better. It is what we do afterwards that determines the outcome. A dream without action is just fantasy. We will write a custom essay sample on Hopes and Dreams or any similar topic only for you Order Now The action is the means to achieve those hopes and dreams. For some people, the belief in our dreams and hopes gets lost through the years. So how do we get back on track and accomplish at least a few of those dreams? The first step is to realize that our dreams are still within reach. It starts with a clear understanding of the difference between what is achievable and what is not. The pathway that leads to our success is filled with small goals that, once accomplished, build our confidence to complete the next one. We possess the ability to establish achievable goals as steppingstones to reach what we hope for. A dream and a goal are two different terms that help in our task. The dream is the final destination and the goal is the path leading to it. One dream can have many goals or directions and strategies that help us accomplish it. Each goal is a small step toward the finalization of the dream. We all have dreams. Some are for tomorrow, some are for next week, and some are for years from now. It is within our ability to realize all of them by listening to the heart and completing all the necessary steps. Reality today was a dream or hope sometime in the past. Keep a journal of those things you hope for. Write down the steps or goals needed along to way to achieve each one. Then, every week or every month, review each one to assure that you stay on the correct path to accomplishment. Each review period allows you to make minor adjustments in the goals as life events dictate. We sometimes grow up with preconceived notions that many of these dreams are not considered worthy of any effort to realize them. If a dream is conceived but never believed, it is considered merely a fantasy. Often our lives are restricted to these fleeting fantasies because we don’t have the courage to treat them as achievable dreams. Change the thought processes in your head so that you are not restricted by perceived impossibilities. Focus instead on the dream and its goals. Give fantasies the chance to turn into a dream by making them an important part of your life. Set the goals needed to fulfill the dream. Dreams are then given attention and can be fully manifested by setting goals. Maintain your focus on the dream instead of the short-term goals to enable fulfillment and satisfaction. While achieving goals offers a sense of satisfaction, this doesn’t provide ongoing motivation. The real power of each goal comes from its connection to the appropriate dream. And, yes, you can have many dreams that are in process all the time. Each of the short-term goals will lead to your objective. Setting smaller, more attainable goals will develop a sense of accomplishment that will ultimately keep you focused on the dream itself. The acronym SMART helps in setting the goals. Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely. Dreams and hopes live in the heart. They are uniquely you and have the potential to result in who you are gifted to become. Without taking steps to realize those dreams, they are useless. Those people who dream and then set goals to achieve them will experience joy and satisfaction in their lives and a sense of peace in their twilight years. Truly successful people have taken their dreams out of the fantasy and converted them into eventual reality. They have done this by setting realistic goals and constantly reviewing the process to stay on track. How to cite Hopes and Dreams, Papers

Looking Forward free essay sample

There I was, four years old, standing in the driveway, then bounded by snow, of what used to be our home in Washington D.C. My Washington Nationals jacket kept my body at a cozy ninety-seven degrees, while I witnessed my dad and uncles load the few remaining pieces of furniture into the bright orange U-Haul truck sitting in the ice-covered street. The tear running down my face would have frozen if not for my Opa’s brushing it off in a tender moment of trying to console my broken heart. The moving truck’s engine roared, signaling one thing to me: I was about to be stripped from the atmosphere where, at the age of four, I knew I belonged. We were embarking on a nine-hour journey south, to Daytona Beach, Florida, our new â€Å"home.† Washington D.C. was no, is my true home. The city had become a part of me, like a vital organ. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking Forward or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And how would I survive without that dynamic tissue? If possible, my blood would run thick with the distinct pedestrians flooding the streets of D.C., New York, even Boston. However, my first excursion to the dauntingly large epicenter of life, known as New York City, had me awestruck. The cultural diversity, arousing height of the superstructures called skyscrapers, and the infinite energy of the city excited me and frightened me all at one miraculous moment. To assimilate to one of these singular organisms populated with some of the most stimulating people in the world sounds like a dream, but it is just within my reach. Upon attending a university located either in or on the outskirts of such a magnificent magnet for life, I could truly experience the type of environment in which I long to be immersed. An animated, aggressive, energetic city, too big for its own good would imbue my being with the palpable skills necessary to not only survive, but blossom in the urban jungles of t he world. I can see it now: eighteen years after leaving D.C., sitting with my fellow classmates as an honorable alumnus congratulates the class of 2016. We dawn our lustrous gowns and radiant caps with tassels draped to the left. My palms sweat as the anticipation builds for the moment when I finally receive my diploma and my tassel irrevocably shifts to the right. Another bright orange U-Haul truck is loaded with the furniture from my apartment, as I am about to embark on the journey known as the rest of my life. The future is daunting, but I face it with determination, for I am a college graduate.

danimals Essay Example For Students

danimals Essay If you have never heard of Animal Psychology as a field in psychology, it may because there are other terms, Animal Behavior and Comparative Psychology, for example, being used to mean similar things. If you still have doubts, I recommend that you take a look at two journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA). Journal of Comparative Psychology publishes original empirical and theoretical research from a comparative perspective on the behavior, cognition, perception, and social relationships of diverse species. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes publishes experimental and theoretical studies concerning all aspects of animal behavior processes. Studies of associative, nonassociative, cognitive, perceptual, and motivational processes are welcome. Another research journal indicating the place of basic psychological concepts in the field of animal behavior is Animal Learning and Behavior It publishes experimental and theoretical contributions and critical reviews that cover the broad categories of animal learning, cognition, motivation, emotion, and comparative animal behavior. Specific topics include classical and operant conditioning, discrete-trial instrumental learning, habituation, exploratory behavior, early experience, social and sexual behavior, imprinting, and territoriality. Considering the fact that, biologically speaking, humans are animals, it is only natural that psychology, the science that devotes itself to the study of the human mind and human behavior, also be involved in the study of non-human animals. However, the perspective of psychology is unique compared with that of the other disciplines involved in animal behavior studies. Psychologists study animal behavior to enhance our knowledge of human physiology and psychology. In fact, animal research has already enhanced our understanding of human learning and intelligence, stress, and behavior such as aggression and reproduction. Furthermore, psychologists are currently applying animal behavioral knowledge to enhancing the well-beings of humans in areas of Animal Assisted Therapy and Animal Assisted Activities. Behavioral psychologists, along with clinical psychologists and professionals from other areas of animal science have joint their efforts in areas of applied companion animal ethology, psychology and behavioral therapy. Like psychologists in other areas *aa010500a.htm*, animal psychologists who have obtained a Ph.D. usually engage in three types of work: teaching, research, and applied work. Although it is most likely for animal psychologists to find teaching positions in departments of psychology, biology, and zoology, there are also opportunities in departments of anthropology, sociology, entomology, animal and poultry science, wildlife biology, and ecology, or in medical or veterinary colleges. Research opportunities usually lie in universities, research institutions (both government and private), zoos, conservation groups, and museums. Research areas range from purely scientific to more applied. For animal psychologists interested in applied work, there are a variety of career fields for them: companion animal behavior consultancy, livestock production, managing wildlife populations, treating the behavioral problems of pets or other domestic animals. The Animal Behavior Society (ABA */gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.cisab.indiana. edu/ABS/index.html*) has certification programs for those working in the clinical animal behavior field (i.e., working with animals with behavioral problems). To become a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist requires either a doctoral degree from an accredited college or university in a biological or behavioral science with an emphasis on animal behavior and five years of professional experience, or a doctorate in veterinary medicine from an accredited college or university plus two years in a university-approved residency in animal behavior. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist can be viewd as the counter-title to Licensed Clinical Psychologist. Clinical animal behavioral specialists who has a Masters Degree but not a Ph.D. can also be certified by the ABA, as an Associate Applied Animal Behaviorist. They often find jobs as research assistants or educators in universities, zoos, museums, and government, and private facilities.